When the Homeowner is the Utility: Ensuring Equitable Water Service for Rural US Communities Served by Decentralized Water Systems

Abstract Submission: Despite nationally reported metrics that suggest high levels of water security, approximately 11% of the U.S. population is estimated to be water insecure. A significant portion of these households are served by Decentralized Water Systems (DWS), while Centralized Water Systems (CWS) receive the majority of research, engineering, innovation, and governmental focus. In this presentation we will explore the characteristics of both CWS and DWS in the U.S., highlighting the unique challenges faced by decentralized communities. We compare the physical infrastructure and the s ocial, economic, and regulatory responsibilities of stakeholders in both systems and propose avenues for further professionalization

Our analysis finds that while DWS share commonalities with CWS, decentralized systems are typically less formally structured; have more stakeholders between source and tap; and tend to shift the regulatory, finance, maintenance, and safety responsibilities from a utility to a larger set of stakeholders, particularly individual homeowners. These responsibilities generally include water quantity and quality, selecting appropriate treatment technologies, finance of repairs and upgrades, and transporting water. Therefore, we propose strategies to professionalize DWS, including targeted policies, infrastructure financing, technological innovations, and community-driven models that better support decentralized communities.

By professionalizing DWS and tailoring resources to the specific needs of rural and underserved households, we can improve water security for these communities. Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6.1.1 of universal water security will require an intentional and adaptive approach that bridges the gap between centralized and decentralized systems, ensuring equitable water service for all.

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